China has not always been kind to her own. Wars, famines, repression, and social rigidity have pushed many a Chinaman towards other lands.
These days the Chinese are present everywhere. But it is in Southeast Asia that their influence is most felt. Not all of them have made a fortune there, far from it, but collectively they have a major economic influence. In Thailand, 80 percent of all capital is said to be in the hands of nationals of more or less distant Chinese descent. Indeed, they have become so influent politically that Bangkok is sometimes referred to as a Chinese town.
They have long been in Vietnam also, but their integration there has been less painless. In Hanoi as in Ho Chi Minh City their presence and the values they uphold are still controversial.
Arnaud Leveau retraces the itineraries of the “Sons of the Dragon” from motherland to new home countries whose future they now contribute to fashion.
Table of Content
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
FIRST PART:
FROM CHINA TOWARDS SOUTH EAST ASIA
CHAPTER 1
Which Chinese?
1.1. The Southerners
1.2. A remarkable linguistic diversity
1.3. The main emigrant groups
The Teochiu
The Cantonese
The Hokkien
The Hakka
The Hainanese
1.4. A certain diversity in the transposition of the settling symbols.
CHAPTER 2
The long walk towards the South
2.1. The first migrations under the Han dynasty (206 BC, 220 AD)
2.2. The collapse of the Ming empire and the arrival of the Europeans (from the middle of the 17th Century to the middle of the 19th Century)
CHAPTER 3
The overseas Chinese and the Empire
3.1. The emigrant seen as an element of social destabilisation
3.2. Sanctions very heavy but not well enforced
3.3. Tolerance in spite of everything
3.4. 1911, or the revenge of the Republic
SECOND PART:
VIETNAM, THAILAND; TWO MODELS OF INTEGRATION
CHAPTER 4
Vietnam : a traditional and permanent Chinese influence
4.1. 111 BC – 939 AD: a forced integration by the Chinese Empire
4.2. From independence in 939 to the French colonisation: a persistent Chinese influence
CHAPTER 5
Thailand : a diluted and accepted presence
5.1. Non- Han people, but who come from China
5.2. Another walk towards the South : far from China, close to Buddha…
5.3. Interested shopkeepers and Siamese patriots
5.4. Royal protection and a cultural network
CHAPTER 6
An exclusive Confucianism and integrating Buddhism
6.1. The geographical and historical part
6.2. To Vietnam, the confucian competition as an excluding factor
6.3. In Thailand, theravada buddhism as a ferment of unity
6.4. The cult of ancestors as an excluding factor
CHAPTER 7
European interference and the recess of the Chinese community in the 19th- 20th Century
7.1. The maintaining and development of the Chinese influence in Vietnam under French colonisation
7.2. In Thailand : integration despite Nationalism
7.3. 1954-1975 in Southern Vietnam : virtues and vicissitudes of a forced assimilation
7.4. After reunification: exile
THIRD PART:
WHAT CHINESE PRESENCE?
CHAPTER 8
The Chinese advantage: pragmatism, realism and discretion
8.1. Generalised reciprocal solidarity
8.2. The family arrangement
8.3. From small and medium family enterprises to conglomerates : structure and adaptability
8.4. Confucianism, religion and business
8.5. A South East Asian diversification and privileged links with China
CHAPTER 9
The hidden side of influence
9.1. A criminal geography without borders
9.2. Heroin and politics
9.3. Chinese actors
CHAPTER 10
Permanence and continuity of the Chinese identity
10.1. Affirmation of a Chinese identity
10.2. Progressive resinisation
10.3. A consequential cultural impact
10.4. An economical predominance towards a political role in the foreground?
Conclusion
Glossary
Bibliography
Internet sites
Useful addresses
Index
Table of maps and charts
Table of iconography
Table of boxes
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